Les quatre imams de l'islam sunnite: A Comprehensive Guide
1. Chronologie et biographies
Les quatre imams sont les fondateurs des principales écoles de jurisprudence sunnites (madhhabs). Ils sont listés ci-dessous par ordre de naissance :
| Imam | Nom complet | Durée de vie (Hégire/AH) | Durée de vie (ère commune/EC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imam Abu Hanifa | Nu’man ibn Thabit | 80 – 150 AH | 699 – 767 CE |
| Imam Malik | Malik ibn Anas al-Asbahi | 93 – 179 AH | 711 – 795 CE |
| Imam al-Shafi'i | Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i | 150 – 204 AH | 767 – 820 CE |
| Imam Ahmad | Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal | 164 – 241 AH | 780 – 855 CE |
2. Comparaison des quatre écoles (madhhabs)
En 2025, ces écoles représentaient les principaux cadres juridiques pour les musulmans sunnites dans le monde.
En 2025, ces écoles représentaient les principaux cadres juridiques pour les musulmans sunnites dans le monde.
| School | Primary Methodology | Key Secondary Sources | Major Geographic Presence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hanafi | Emphasis on reason and opinion (Ra'y) | Ijtihad (reasoning) & Urf (local custom) | South Asia, Turkey, Balkans, Central Asia |
| Maliki | Textual focus with communal perspective | Amal of Medina (Prophetic tradition in Medina) | North & West Africa, parts of the Gulf |
| Shafi'i | Balance between text and logic | Strong reliance on Hadith and strict Qiyas (analogy) | SE Asia (Indonesia/Malaysia), East Africa, Egypt |
| Hanbali | Strict traditionalism and literalism | Predominantly Quran and Hadith | Saudi Arabia, Qatar |
3. Key Relationships and Historical Context
These scholars did not work in isolation; their methodologies built upon one another through student-teacher relationships:
- Succession: Imam al-Shafi'i was born in the same year that Imam Abu Hanifa passed away (150 AH).
- Direct Mentorship: Imam Malik was a teacher to Imam al-Shafi'i.
- Direct Mentorship: Imam al-Shafi'i was a teacher to Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal.
- Inter-School Learning: Imam Abu Hanifa’s lead students (like Imam Muhammad al-Shaybani) also taught Imam al-Shafi'i, blending the legal traditions of Iraq and Medina.
4. Summary of Differences
- Legal Rulings: While they agree on the core tenets of Islam, they may differ on specific physical movements during prayer (Salah) or technical requirements for pilgrimage (Hajj).
- Note on Shia Islam: In Shia Islam, the term "Imams" refers to a specific lineage of 12 leaders beginning with Ali ibn Abi Talib, which is a separate historical and theological lineage from these four jurists.
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